Neoga is a city in Cumberland County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,398 at the 2020 census, down from 1,636 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Charleston–Mattoon Micropolitan Statistical Area. The current mayor of Neoga is Marty Hartke. Neoga was incorporated in 1856. Neoga has two possible origins for its name. The first origin is that the town name directly means "deer" in the Kickapoo language.