Eugene is an unincorporated community in extreme southwestern Cole County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population is 140. It is located 10 miles east of Eldon on Route 17, approximately 3 miles south of U.S. Route 54. Eugene was founded in 1904, and named after Eugene Simpson, the original owner of the town site. A post office called Eugene has been in operation since 1904.